Habitat Fragmentation:

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of ecological change that disrupts plant species migration and limits their ability to respond to environmental shifts. This literature review provides an overview of numerous peer-reviewed studies to examine how fragmentation affects plant migration across global ecosystems. The findings reveal four key themes: reduced migration rates, dispersal limitations involving pollinators and animals, colonization failure, and declines in reproductive success and population stability. Across the studies, fragmentation consistently slows migration by limiting both seed dispersal and successful establishment, with observed migration rates far below those required to keep pace with contemporary climate change. Additionally, fragmentation reduces gene flow and increases population isolation which leads to decreased genetic diversity and adaptive potential. The review also highlights the broader ecological and evolutionary consequences of fragmentation, including increased vulnerability to environmental disturbances, and the potential for species replacement. To address these challenges, emerging conservation strategies emphasize improving landscape connectivity, leveraging natural adaptation, and implementing assisted migration and gene flow. Together, these findings showcase the importance of addressing habitat fragmentation, on a large or small scale, as a critical factor influencing plant survival and biodiversity in a changing climate.